Basics of Carnatic Music :
1. SWARA :
Swara is the musical note. Technically speaking, the raga
or melody of Indian music is constituted with these minute elements.
Swaras are seven in number and are collectively
known as Saptaswara They are as follows:
1. Shadjam Sa
2. Rishabham Ri
3. Gandharam Ga
4. Madhaymam Ma
5. Panchamam Pa
6. Dhaivatam Dha
7. Nishadam Ni
Each of these swaras is sung in different frequencies in
the ascending order. These frequencies or places in which the swara sung are
called ‘SWARASTHANA’
These 7 basic swaras can be further divided into 12 swaras
based on their slight variations in their frequencies.
These are collectively known as ‘DWADASA SWARASTHANAS’,
as follows:-
The 12 swaras and their names are as follows:
1.Shadja (s)
2.Suddha Rishabha (r1)
3.Chatussruti Rishabha (r2)
4.Sadharana Gandhara (g1)
5.Antara Gandhara (g2)
6.Suddha Madhyama (m1)
7.Prati Madhyma (m2)
8.Panchama (p)
9.Suddha Daivata (dha1)
10.Chatussruti Dhaivata (dha2)
11.Kaisiki Nishadha (n1)
12.Kakali Nishadha (n2)
Note : Sa, Pa - Nilai Swarangal - No variations
Ri, Ga,
Ma, Dha, Ni - has variations
Scheme of 72
Mela :
Venkatamakhi brought a major change to the
Carnatic music by constituting the 72 Mela scheme by the permutation
and combination of existing Swarasthanas with four fictional notes such as
Shatshruti Rishabham (Sadharana gandharam), Suddha gandharam (chatushruti
rishabham) Shatshruti dhaivatam (kaisiki nishadam) and Suddha nishadam
(chatushruti dhaivatam).
These 16
swarasthanas are collectively known as Shodasa Swarasthanas.
13. SuddhaGandhara (Fictional Note)
14. Shadtshruti Rishabha (Fictional Note)
15. Suddha Nishada (Fictional Note)
16. Shatshruti
Dhaivata (Fictional Note)
The below picture represents the 16 swara concepts in Piano Keys.
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